Despite billions spent on School Improvement Grants (SIG) designed to help schools with the lowest academic achievement in their states to improve their outcomes, an evaluation by Mathematica Policy Associates found that the SIG grants made essentially no difference in the achievement of the students in schools that received them. Bob Slavin, Director of the Center for Research and Reform in Education at Johns Hopkins University School of Education states: “There is no question that SIG funds could have made a substantial difference. Had they been invested in proven programs and practices, they would have surely improved student outcomes.”